Snabbguide för Ledger CLI

Ledger är ett kraftfullt kommandoradsverktyg för dubbel bokföring i klartextformat. Genom att hantera din ekonomi i läsbara journalfiler kan Ledger beräkna saldon, generera transaktionsregister och sammanställa finansiella rapporter.

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Grundläggande begrepp & Kom igång

Bokföringens grundekvation

I Ledger består varje transaktion av två eller fler poster vars summa strikt måste balansera till noll:

$$\text{Assets} + \text{Expenses} = \text{Liabilities} + \text{Equity} + \text{Income}$$

Assets:Checking          -$600.00   ; Asset decreases (credit)
Expenses:Rent             $600.00   ; Expense increases (debit)
---------------------------------
Nettosaldo = $0.00

Översikt över huvudkommandon

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Journalsyntax specifikation

Grundläggande transaktionsstruktur

2024/01/03 * (CODE#001) Landlord John ; tag:rent
    Expenses:Rent:Apartment       $600.00
    Assets:Checking:MainBank

• Uppdelning av rubrikraden::

2024/01/03   *       (CODE#001)   Landlord John     ; tag:rent
^            ^       ^            ^                 ^
Date         State   Code/Check#  Payee/Description Comment & Tags

• Automatisk balansering: Ledger kan automatiskt beräkna beloppet för en post så att transaktionen balanserar.

Transaktionsstatusflaggor

Hjälpdatum (Auxiliary Dates)

Likamedstecknet tillåter att skilja transaktionsdatum från det faktiska bokföringsdatumet:

; Format: EventDate=SettlementDate
2024/01/01=2024/01/15 Consulting Client A
    Assets:AccountsReceivable    $1,000.00
    Income:Consulting

Saldoantaganden och tilldelningar

• Saldokontroll (= $VALUE): verifierar att kontots ackumulerade saldo stämmer exakt.
• Saldotilldelning (= $VALUE): beräknar differensen som krävs för att sätta kontot till värdet.

; 1. Balance Assertion
2024/01/01 * Restaurant
    Expenses:Food:Dinner          $20.00
    Assets:Cash                  -$20.00 = $500.00

; 2. Balance Assignment
2024/01/01 * Opening Balance
    Assets:Cash                 = $500.00
    Equity:OpeningBalances

Account Declarations & Validation

account Expenses:Food
    note Dining and grocery expenses
    alias food
    payee ^(KFC|McDonalds|Starbucks)$
    check commodity == "$"
    assert commodity == "$"
    default

account Assets:Cash
    alias cash

Commodities & Currencies

; 1. Per-unit cost (@ symbol)
2024/05/31 * Farmers Market
    Expenses:Food:Apples         10 APPLE @ $1.50
    Assets:Checking             -$15.00

; 2. Total cost (@@ symbol)
2024/06/01 * Brokerage
    Assets:Investments:AAPL      5 AAPL @@ $950.00
    Assets:Checking             -$950.00

; 3. Explicit currency price history
P 2024/06/01 00:00:00 EUR $1.0850

Directives

; Global default currency
D $1,000.00

; Set default year
Y2024

Including Sub-Journals

include accounts.journal
include 2023.journal
include 2024.journal

account Business
include company_expenses.journal
end

Budgeting

~ Monthly
    Expenses:Rent               $600.00
    Expenses:Food               $400.00
    Expenses:Utilities          $100.00
    Expenses                    $100.00
    Assets

~ Yearly
    Expenses:Insurance        $1,200.00
    Assets

• ledger bal --budget Expenses
• ledger bal --unbudgeted Expenses

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Perioduttryck

Ledger erbjuder tidsfiltrering med naturligt språk via parametern -p eller --period.

Syntax Structure

[INTERVAL] [BEGIN] [END]

Intervall

Period Filtering Examples

ledger reg -p "since last month"
ledger reg Expenses -p "every month from 2024 to 2024/12/31" -M
ledger bal -p "from 2024/01/01 until this month"
ledger bal Expenses:Food -p "last quarter"

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Sökuttryck och filtrering

Boolesk logik

ledger reg Expenses:Food and @Starbucks and not dining
ledger bal Rent or Transportation
ledger bal Expenses and not \( Drinks or Food \)

Vanliga filterflaggor

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Rapporter och dataexport

-s, --subtotal         # Calculate subtotals for grouped postings
-n, --collapse         # Collapse multi-line postings into one line
--flat                 # Render account tree as a flat list
--tail N               # Limit output to last N lines
--invert               # Invert numerical signs (display expenses as positive)
-X CUR, --exchange CUR # Convert foreign holdings to specified currency at latest rate

# Export all entries to CSV
ledger csv > report.csv

# Export this month's dining expenses
ledger csv Expenses:Food -p "this month"

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Praktiska exempel

# Current assets vs liabilities
ledger bal ^Assets ^Liabilities

# Net revenue this month with positive expenses
ledger bal ^Expenses ^Income -p "this month" --invert

# Top 10 largest expenses
ledger reg Expenses -S amount --tail 10

# Monthly average daily expenses
ledger reg Expenses -M -n --average

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Referenser

• hledger Snabbguide
• Officiell Ledger-dokumentation
• Plain Text Accounting Portal